what were the effects of the crusades
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[101], After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Egyptian force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive Battle of al-Babein on 18 March 1167. [6] This led to the French croisadethe way of the cross. [14] Crusader sources used the term "Syrians" to describe Arabic speaking Christians who were members of the Greek Orthodox Church, and "Jacobites" for those who were members of the Syrian Orthodox Church. Generalists focus on the basic phenomenon of Latin holy wars. But the letter was intercepted and Bohemond was captured with Richard of Salerno by the Danishmends after the battle of Melitene in August 1100. [215][216], The First Crusade was an unexpected event for contemporary chroniclers, but historical analysis demonstrates it had its roots in developments earlier in the 11thcentury. Frederick claimed the kingship of Jerusalem despite John having been given assurances that he would remain as king. In modern historiography, the term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13thcenturies to the Holy Land. Western chroniclers indicated that female crusaders were wives, merchants, servants and sex workers. at Clermont, 1095, The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East, Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem, Chapter XVII. Trade increased. Direct contact with Arab fortifications originally constructed by the Byzantines did influence developments in the east, but the lack of documentary evidence means that it remains difficult to differentiate between the importance of this design culture and the constraints of situation. W. A. Wright, Rolls Series (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores) 86 (1887), line 10332, Papayianni, Aphrodite (2006). On 15 July 1244, the city was reduced to ruins during the siege of Jerusalem and its Christians massacred by the Khwarazmian army. The Byzantines did not march to the assistance of the Crusaders. One effect of this new focus was numerous outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence in Europe; many crusaders attacked Jewish communities in Europe while the crusaders were on their way to the Holy Land, and anti-Jewish laws were enacted by many kings and lords inspired by the fervent, intolerant new brand of Christian identity arising from the Crusades. The successful Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month siege of Tortosa, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. [citation needed]. [204] This set a precedent that was followed in 1212 with pressure exerted on the city of Milan for tolerating Catharism,[205] in 1234 against the Stedinger peasants of north-western Germany, in 1234 and 1241 Hungarian crusades against Bosnian heretics. First, the city-states of northern Italy, especially Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, grew rich transporting goods and crusaders back and forth between Europe and the Middle East. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast. This ended with his murder in a violent anti-Latin revolt. In, Nicholson, Helen (2006). John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143-1174, Chapter XVIII. [11] "Franks" and "Latins" were used by the peoples of the Near East during the crusades for western Europeans, distinguishing them from the Byzantine Christians who were known as "Greeks". The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. [21] The political situation in the Middle East was changed by waves of Turkic migration in particular, the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 10thcentury. The internal strife among the Ayyubids allowed Theobald to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. [230] The Crusades strengthened exchanges between oriental and occidental economic spheres. [39], On July 22, 1099, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Godfrey of Bouillon took the leadership, not called king but rather with the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Defender of the Holy Sepulchre). Many Crusaders wept upon seeing the city they had journeyed so long to reach. T.K. The walls collapsed on 24 December 1144. rice, coffee, sherbet, dates, apricots, lemons, sugar, spices such as ginger, melons, rhubarb and dates. Attempts were made to control the women's behaviour in ordinances of 1147 and 1190. Clerics and laity increasingly recognised Jerusalem as worthy of penitential pilgrimage. When Adhemar died after Antioch, there was no spiritual leader of the crusade and the discovery of the Holy Lance provoked accusations of fraud among the clerical factions. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. [134], In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. They contracted with the Republic of Venice for the transportation of 30,000 crusaders at a cost of 85,000 marks. Religious intolerance grows stronger 6. [48] Al-Afdal Shahanshah, the powerful Fatimid vizier, anxious to recover the lands lost to the Franks, initiated the First Battle of Ramla on 7 September 1101 in which his forces were narrowly defeated, by those of Baldwin I. Byzantine Empire is weakened 2. The end of Western European presence in the Holy Land was sealed with the fall of Tripoli and their subsequent defeat at the siege of Acre in 1291. Frederick was, like many of the 13th-century rulers, a serial crucesignatus,[141] having taken the cross multiple times since 1215. The resultant Treaty of Jaffa was concluded on 18 February 1229, with al-Kamil surrendering Jerusalem, with the exception of some Muslim holy sites, and agreeing to a ten-year truce. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). " Negative: widespread persecution of Muslims and the increase of religious intolerance Positive: maritime trade between eastern and Western Europe expanded Students also viewed [77] That same year, having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John II Komnenos went hunting wild boar, cutting himself with a poisoned arrow. The History of the Jews and the Crusades was a part of the history of antisemitism towards the Jews in the Middle Ages. Muslim and Byzantine observers viewed with disdain the many women who joined the armed pilgrimages, including female fighters. Additionally, the expenses related to the crusades are thought to have significantly advanced the governmental processes for assessing and collecting taxes - the forerunner of the taxation system that is now used around the world. [190], The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. In, Madden, Thomas F. (2006). [193] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. Pope Innocent III's role was ambivalent. 9.5 SQ 8 What were the effects of the Crusades? Richard moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the battle of Arsuf on 7 September 1191. This can be seen in the 12th-century rebuilding of the Holy Sepulchre. [54] Bohemond crossed into the Balkans and began the failed siege of Dyrrhachium. [135] Pelagius had no choice but to surrender. Increase in the monarchy/kings power 5. [67], Toghtekin died in February 1128, and Baldwin II began the Crusade of 1129, also known as the Damascus Crusade, shortly thereafter. [50] Among the slain were veterans of the Crusade of 1101, Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. Guy of Lusignan (d. 1194). "Ramla, First Battle of (1101)". Pilgrimage to the Holy Land expanded after safer routes through Hungary developed from 1000. The Crusader army marched to the former Byzantine city of Antioch, which had been in Muslim control since 1084. A month after the battle at Gaza, an-Nasir D'd, emir of Kerak, seized Jerusalem, virtually unguarded. In what ways did they provide opportunitiesboth negative and positivefor cross cultural encounters and exchanges? [91] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. Causes and Effects of the Crusades Long-Term Effects 1. "Zengi (d. 1146)". "[Mawdd (d. 1113)". [38], On 7 June 1099, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt. A second army, the Nivernois, was commanded by William II of Nevers. Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew. Instead, Alexius retreated from Philomelium. Frederick was excommunicated on 29 September 1227, branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This extended to the production of icons, unknown at the time to the Franks, sometimes in a Frankish style and even of western saints. On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. [207] Innocent III declared the first political crusade against Frederick II's regent, Markward von Annweiler, and when Frederick later threatened Rome in 1240, Gregory IX used crusading terminology to raise support against him. Alexios IV offered the crusade 10,000 troops, 200,000 marks and the reunion of the Greek Church with Rome if they toppled his uncle Emperor Alexios III. The political impact of the Crusades affected everything from nations' relationships with one another to the creation of entirely new political states. The First Crusade thus ended successfully and resulted in the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In, Gerish, Deborah (2006). [17] These Crusades began with the fervent desire to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over the period. Crusade of 1101". Specifically, Edward would have learnt from the scientific approach Muslims took to building, harnessing concentricity and using the area around the castle to strong effect. The emperor was delayed while his ships were refitted. According to historian Jacques Le Goff, very little was actually gained from the Crusades. In 1487, Pope Innocent VIII called for an armed crusade against populations of Waldensians in France. [128], The fortifications of Damietta were impressive, and included the Burj al-Silsilah the chain tower with massive chains that could stretch across the Nile. [105], The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. The host consisted of four separate armies, sometimes regarded as a second wave following the First Crusade. They believed they were fighting for god and all sins would be forgiven and defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks. On 18 May 1157, Nr-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at Banias, with the Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort captured. [99] Shawar, the deposed vizier to the Fatimid caliph al-Adid, allied with Amalric I, attacking Shirkuh at the second siege of Bilbeis beginning in August 1164, following Amalric's unsuccessful first siege in September 1163. The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarized in the list of sources for the Crusades. They began in 1096 and continued for almost 200 years, with a total of eight major Crusades. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. Jerusalem was captured after a half-year siege in 637. The discovery of the Holy Lance by mystic Peter Bartholomew may have boosted the morale of the Crusaders. In September 1240, Theobald departed for Europe, while Hugh of Burgundy remained to help fortify Ascalon. In, Weiler, Bjrn K. (2006). The crusades caused a rupture in western-Byzantine relations. [78], Following John's death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed. [citation needed] Early in the 19th century, the monumental Histoire des Croisades[247][248] was published by the French historian Joseph Franois Michaud, a major new narrative based on original sources. Three were particularly important. From the Stanford History Education Group. The objectives of the Crusades were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories. After Theobald's premature death, the Italian Boniface of Montferrat replaced him as the new commander of the campaign. [253], Maier, Christopher T.. When Was the First History of the Crusades Written?" [196] In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule called Mozarabs had the Roman Rite relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. [106], Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli. This treaty ended the Third Crusade. Senseless Violence and wars The mentality was that Christian crusaders were to Islam/Judaism at any costs. Both military orders were accumulating holdings in the kingdom and Crusader states, with the Hospitallers eventually obtaining the famous Krak des Chevaliers, an important military and administrative center. [60] The early days of Baldwin II's reign included the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, the Field of Blood, on 28 June 1119. In April 1138, the Byzantines and Franks jointly besieged Aleppo and, with no success, began the Siege of Shaizar, abandoning it a month later. [176] The city became a Frankish city and Louis waited until the Nile floods abated before advancing, remembering the lessons of the Fifth Crusade. Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). It became increasingly common for European merchants to venture further east, and business was conducted fairly despite religious differences, and continued even in times of political and military tensions. Burgturf, Jochen. More of a pilgrimage than a crusade, it did include the participation in military action at the siege of Sidon of 1110. The Crusaders entered, massacring the Muslim inhabitants as well as many Christians. The formal establishment of the Knights Templar was likely also granted by the council, complementing the military arm of the Knights Hospitaller that was protecting pilgrims to the Holy Land. [164], In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. [211] The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the Seventh OttomanVenetian War in the 18thcentury. According to an article published in 2009, it is believed that there were a numerous effects of crusades: 1. Feudalism was a form of government common during medieval Europe that involved society being structured in a very rigid and hierarchical way. Louis knew that the army must be extricated to Damietta and they departed on the morning of 5 April, with the king in the rear and the Egyptians in pursuit. The latter led to the inclusion of oriental design features such as large water reservoirs and the exclusion of occidental features such as moats. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Odense, 27 June - 1 July 2016. The masters of the military orders then convinced Theobald to retreat to Acre rather than pursue the Egyptians and their Frankish prisoners. [30], In response to Urban's call, members of the high aristocracy from Europe took the cross. In this Holy War the Christians goal was to obtain the Holy Land from the Turks, in which they did not succeed. They were followed by Hugh IV of Burgundy, Peter Maulcerc, Hugh XI of Lusignan, royal companion and chronicler Jean de Joinville, and an English detachment under William Longespe, grandson of Henry II of England. It goes without saying that the crusades also had a highly negative effect on interfaith relations. The kingdom was on the verge of collapse after the defeat, recovering after the successful Battle of Jaffa on 27 May. Aristocratic women had a significant impact: Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg led her own force in 1101; Eleanor of Aquitaine conducted her own political strategy; and Margaret of Provence negotiated her husband LouisIX's ransom with an opposing woman the Egyptian sultana Shajar al-Durr. [84], Eugene III, recently elected pope, issued the bull Quantum praedecessores in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized and centrally controlled than the First. Bohemond recognised that the only remaining option was open combat and launched a counterattack. The Economic Effects of Historical Exchange between China and the Muslim East. This style could have both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of the arts. A few days later, they were again victorious at the Battle of the Meander. The Habsburgs, French, Spanish and Venetians and Ottomans all signed treaties. [70] Fulk assumed full control of the government, excluding Melisende, as he favored fellow Angevins to the native nobility. The transport of pilgrims and crusaders notably benefitted Italian maritime cities, such as the trio of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. Meanwhile, Dagobert of Pisa, now Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, made the same offer to Bohemond, and asking that he prevent Baldwin's expected travel to Jerusalem. In, Hendrickx, Benjamin (2006). In time, they developed into autonomous powers in the region. In Phillips, J., Holy Warriors (2009). The terms agreed to were harsh. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). What happened when Crusaders entered Jerusalem during the First Crusade? In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). A specific term for a crusader in the form of crucesignatus"one signed by the cross", however, emerged in the early 12th century. Many of the men were lost en route or to disease. Traditionalists view Crusades as only those to the Holy Land from 10951291. This period of Greek history is known as the Frankokratia or Latinokratia ("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled Orthodox Byzantine Greeks. The Crusaders were dealt their first major defeat. Hattin, Battle of (1187). [176] For six weeks, the armies of the West and Egypt faced each other on opposite sides of the canal, leading to the Battle of Mansurah that would end on 11 February 1250 with an Egyptian defeat. [192], Urban II equated the crusades for Jerusalem with the ongoing Catholic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and crusades were preached in 1114 and 1118, but it was Pope Callixtus II who proposed dual fronts in Spain and the Middle East in 1122. [111] Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Primary Bibliography. [61] At Ager Sanguinis, an army led by Ilghazi annihilated the Antiochian forces led by Roger of Salerno who was killed during the battle. 322166814/www.reference.com/Reference_Desktop_Feed_Center6_728x90, The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. [88] Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148. [175] Remarkably, Damietta had been seized with only one Crusader casualty. [177], The sultan died in November 1249, his widow Shajar al-Durr concealing the news of her husband's death. The news of his death was met with mourning in Jerusalem. With the subsequent invasions of South and Central America by the Spanish, the crusading spirit, of spreading Catholicism and seizing territory at the point of a sword, lived on. By the end of October 1249 the Nile had receded and reinforcements had arrived. [173] William of Villehardouin also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the Morea. [78] Nr-ad-Din's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general Shirkuh, accompanied by his nephew Saladin, to enter Egypt. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the Treaty of Ceprano. [152], The results of the Sixth Crusade were not universally acclaimed. Francis I of France allied with all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Local rulers offered little resistance. Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. [180], On 28 February 1250, Turanshah arrived from Damascus and began an Egyptian offensive, intercepting the boats that brought food from Damietta. [154] In the end, the Sixth Crusade successfully returned Jerusalem to Christian rule and had set a precedent, in having achieved success on crusade without papal involvement. The wives of crusaders shared their plenary indulgences. [98] He undertook a series of four invasions of Egypt from 1163 to 1169, taking advantage of weaknesses of the Fatimids. It had no effect and Frederick sailed from Brindisi in June 1228. In 1389, the Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo, won control of the Balkans from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, in 1396 defeated French crusaders and King Sigismund of Hungary at the Nicopolis, in 1444 destroyed a crusading Polish and Hungarian force at Varna, four years later again defeated the Hungarians at Kosovo and in 1453 captured Constantinople. [240] For the First Crusade, the original Latin chronicles, including the Gesta Francorum, works by Albert of Aachen and Fulcher of Chartres, The Alexiad by Byzantine princess Anna Komnene, the Complete Work of History by Muslim historian Ali ibn al-Athir, and the Chronicle of Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa, provide for a starting point for the study of the Crusades' historiography. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. In Phillips, J. Holy Warriors (2009). [243] Complete bibliographies are also given in these works. A third major impact of the crusades was the effect it had on the role of feudalism in the lives of Europeans. The Crusades were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Effects of the Crusades on Commerce One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. The Greeks were never truly forgiven for this perceived betrayal. [222] Modern historiography rejects the 19th-century consensus that Westerners learnt the basis of military architecture from the Near East, as Europe had already experienced rapid development in defensive technology before the First Crusade. This sack was not unusual considering the violent military standards of the time, but contemporaries such as Innocent III and Ali ibn al-Athir saw it as an atrocity against centuries of classical and Christian civilisation. Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). [227], Until the requirement was abolished by InnocentIII, married men needed to obtain their wives' consent before taking the cross, which was not always readily forthcoming. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. The loss of Damietta was a shock to the Muslim world, and as-Salih Ayyub offered to trade Damietta for Jerusalem as his father had thirty years before. "Jerusalem, Siege of (1099)". [123] When the crusade entered Constantinople, AlexiosIII fled and was replaced by his nephew. In 1263, Pope Urban IV offered crusading indulgences to Charles of Anjou in return for Sicily's conquest. The secondary sources of the Crusades began in the 16th century, with the first use of the term crusades was by 17th century French historian Louis Maimbourg in his Histoire des Croisades pour la dlivrance de la Terre Sainte. His death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home. This Crusade marked the first time a European king visited the Holy Land. [208] The 1281 election of a French pope, MartinIV, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. Negative effects of the Crusades included the repeated defeats of the Christian armies, the slaughter of innocents and the looting of Constantinople. He withdrew his legate to disassociate from the attack but seemed to have accepted it as inevitable. Christian armies suffered numerous defeats throughout the Crusades. Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at Jacob's Ford in June. It was agreed that Egypt was the objective and many remembered how the sultan's father had been willing to exchange Jerusalem itself for Damietta in the Fifth Crusade. ~12 days. The Teutonic Knights diverted efforts from the Holy Land, absorbed these orders and established the State of the Teutonic Order. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). [219] The Teutonic Knights were formed in 1190 to protect pilgrims in both the Holy Land and Baltic region. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). [198], In 1147, Pope Eugene III extended Calixtus's idea by authorising a crusade on the German north-eastern frontier against the pagan Wends from what was primarily economic conflict. After a portion of the ransom was paid, additional hostages, to include Baldwin's youngest daughter Jovetta, were provided secure the payment of the balance, Baldwin II was released from the Citadel of Aleppo on 29 August 1124. In, Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). [79] The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do. [144], After the Fifth Crusade, the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil became involved in civil war in Syria and, having unsuccessfully tried negotiations with the West beginning in 1219, again tried this approach,[145] offering return of much of the Holy Land in exchange for military support. Nevertheless, Gregory IX, who had condemned this truce from the beginning, issued the papal bull Rachel suum videns in 1234 calling for a new crusade once the truce expired. [131], By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. [233] Modern Muslim thinkers, politicians and historians have drawn parallels between the crusades and political developments such as the establishment of Israel in 1948. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. [155] The major expeditions were led separately by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall. [18][19], The Arab-Byzantine wars from 629 to the 1050s resulted in the conquest of the Levant and Egypt by the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate. [3] By the mid 13thcentury the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina"the cross overseas"used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina"the cross this side of the sea"for those in Europe. Peter underwent the ordeal and died after days of agony from his wounds, which discredited the Holy Lance as a fake. This ended the last significant crusading effort in the eastern Mediterranean. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns that were launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Islamic rule. Book: Western Civilization - A Concise History II (Brooks), { "1.01:_The_Crusades" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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