covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without

When Can I Go Out in Public Again After Being Fully Vaccinated? But the "reference period" is defined by the report as the 20 days before mask mandates started. The proportions of states and D.C. with high COVID-19 rates were greatest for those with no mask wearing policy for the general public in the preceding month (Fig 2). Our fact check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. John Tierney is a contributing editor of City Journal and coauthor of The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It. Jocelyn Solis-Moreira is a journalist specializing in health and science news. We abstracted data on whether the state issued a mandate of mask use by all individuals in public spaces, and if so, the dates of implementation and whether the mandate was enforced by fines or criminal charge/citation(s). Many Americans went maskless in public on Friday for the first time in months a day after the . The study referenced in the One America News Network report says the opposite, noting that mask mandates were linked to statistically significant decreases in COVID-19 case within 20 days of implementation. Even Greenpeace now admits the obvious: recycling doesnt work. The list of states with high COVID-19 rates by month shows the initial wave in northeastern states in May, followed by a wave in southern states, and then spreading across the U.S. over the next four months (Table 2). Instead, it analyzed the connection between mask mandate policies and the rate of new county-level coronavirus cases and deaths. Little attention was paid to more rigorous research, like a review of the literature that found little or no benefit from masks, or a study that compared infection rates with mask policies and with rates of mask use in all 50 states over the first year of the pandemic. We categorized the existence of a mask policy as None if there was no requirement for face coverings in public spaces, Recommended if required in all public spaces without consequences, and Strict if required in all public spaces with consequences in the form of fine(s) or citation(s). Sources: Restrictions tightened as cases were rising. They looked at data from April to October 2020. Contributed equally to this work with: While the downtrend could also have been a result of other countermeasures like social distancing, Kansas' findings mirror observations from other states and countries. Public health policy-making requires navigating the balance of public good and individual rights [10]. The same study found that cloth masks did not have a statistically significant effect. 3.1.2023 8:00 AM, 2022 Reason Foundation | No, Is the Subject Area "Conservation science" applicable to this article? "There are over 200 percent more cases in a school (district) that does not have a mask mandate," said Dr. Catherine Troisi, an. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249891.t003. Coronavirus cases are rising in almost every U.S. state. When Can I Visit a Friend's House After I'm Fully Vaccinated? Explaining the justification for lifting mask requirements, governors and public health agencies generally have cited the precipitous decline in daily new cases since mid-January. Similar reductions in odds of high COVID-19 rates in August and September were observed for July and August mask adherence, respectively. If you've seen pictures of those kids, you know they are not necessarily using masks as intended. Fact check: Masks and vaccines are effective at combating COVID-19 spread. An Annals of Epidemiology study published last May found that mask mandates in the United States were associated with lower transmission rates from June through September 2020. Eleanor J. Murray and Jennifer Weuve and the Boston University School of Public Health Epidemiology COVID-19 Response Corps for bringing together students and faculty for this project. The CDC's report is the latestin a growing body of evidence establishing mask mandates as an effective strategy in curbing the virus. Theyre suffering from mask dependency, as this psychological affliction is termed in Japan, where a long tradition of mask-wearing during flu season has left some individuals afraid at any time to expose their faces in public. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249891.g002. Charlie B. Fischer, Adherence to public policy is influenced by a complex interplay of factors such as public opinion, cultural practices, individual perceptions and behaviors [11], which are difficult to quantify. So did New Mexico, whose surge began shortly after Scientific American praised the states strict mask policies in an article headlined, How New Mexico Controlled the Spread of Covid-19.. They continued to fall over the 100 days analyzed in the study. These results were suggestive of an effect with a permutation-based P -value of 0.094. The graph for New York, which also had a statewide mask mandate, looks very much like the graph for California, but with an earlier peak. In the United States, policies on mask wearing have varied from state to state over the course of the pandemic. She holds a Masters in Psychology concentrating on Behavioral Neuroscience. In the first 20 days after implementingmask mandates, new cases slowed by 0.5 percentage points. here. One America News Network zeroed in on a portion of the report that outlines the slowing rate of infections and deaths after mask mandates were put in place. Writing original draft. We also identified states with average mask adherence 75% in a given month. No, Is the Subject Area "Hispanic people" applicable to this article? Mean COVID-19 rates for states with at least 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. The claim that a CDC study found face masks to have a negligible effect on the spread of COVID-19 is FALSE. Vermont. The information in this article is current as of the date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this. Data released by the agency in November looking at COVID-19 incidence in Kansas after a statewide mask mandate also found the measure resulted in a drop in infectious cases. "Nearly a year after California Gov. Ron DeSantis issued an executive order May 3, 2021. that barred local governments and school systems from imposing COVID-19 restrictions, including mask rules. For mask adherence levels, we utilized the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) COVID-19 Projections online database [15], which holds data collected by Facebook Global in partnership with the University of Maryland Social Data Science Center [16]. Only eight states reported that 75% or more people wore masks between June and September, leading to fewer COVID cases: States with a 75% minimum mask adherence reported about 109.26 COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents compared to the average of 249.99 per 100,000 residents in states with low mask adherence. Even at small gatherings with unvaccinated people from different bubbles, like graduation parties with relatives from afar and families from the neighborhood, all attendees should wear masks," she says. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249891.t002. While it controlled for other policies that have been used to try to mitigate new infections from the coronavirus including bar closures, stay-at-home orders and bans on gatherings of 10 or more people it did not account for some others, such as physical distancing recommendations and other types of business closures. We recommend renewed efforts be employed to improve adherence to mask wearing. States with stronger policy responses over the long run are seeing comparatively smaller outbreaks. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Roles Our analysis of state and D.C.-level data does not account for variations in policy, adherence, and demographic factors at smaller geographic levels, such as county-levels. However, Werler says her team did find substantial amounts of variation that could suggest other factors beyond mandatessuch as political affiliationcould be at play. Cases were higher in the non-mandate states last summer, when the seasonal surge in the South disproportionately hit Republican states without mandates, but those states went on to have fewer cases during the winter, when the seasonal surge in the North hit more Democratic states with mandates. High school students in Seattle staged a protest demanding that a mask mandate be reinstated, and psychologists now deal with the anxieties of children who dont want their classmates to see their faces. | Sources: Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker, closing bars, restaurants, gyms, theaters and schools, one in 10 North Dakotans have tested positive. 2021. For example, mask wearing in the two weeks before rates begin to rise might be a more sensitive way to measure the association. Former Arizona AG Found No Evidence of 2020 Election Fraud. At its highest level of containment efforts, New York state scored an 80 on the index. Fully vaccinated adults are still wearing masks on their solitary walks outdoors, and officials have beenenforcing mask mandates on airline passengers and on some city-dwellers and students. High COVID-rates were less frequent in states and D.C. with strict mask wearing policy than in states with recommended policy. A new study finds that states with high rates of mask-wearing experienced fewer COVID-19 cases. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for high case rates in the subsequent month associated with average mask adherence (as a continuous variable). Higher mask use did not predict lower maximum growth rates, smaller surges, or . Parents have pushed for the mask mandate to be lifted for a number of reasons. Theyre not looking at masks in and of themselves," Josh Petrie, research professor in the University of Michigan's School of Public Health, told USA TODAY. Data on population distributions from the COVID-19 US State Policy Database [13] came from the US Census. Overall, there is no obvious difference between states with mask mandates and states without them. And in New York and some other states, those lockdowns came too late to prevent a big outbreak, because thats where the virus hit first, said Thomas Hale, associate professor of global public policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, who leads the Oxford tracking effort. States are issuing a new wave of mask mandates and social restrictions as record numbers of Covid-19 hospitalizations and soaring daily cases strain US medical systems. 2.18.2022 4:30 PM. We thank Dr. Julia Raifman Boston University School of Public Health for developing, maintaining, and providing open access to the COVID-19 US State Policy Database. 3.1.2023 2:50 PM, David McGarry If you compare California to Texas, another populous state that had no mask mandates, the case trends are also very similar, although the increase was steeper in California, where the seven-day average peaked a few days earlier. If this hasnt persuaded you to take off your mask, you can find lots more reasons in a book by Ian Miller, the data analyst who created the graph for City Journal. ", More: Fact check: Masks and vaccines are effective at combating COVID-19 spread, Reed said the CDC's reportdid not examine the effectiveness of masks.. Yes Read on to find out whyand to ensure . New Zealand recently lifted all restrictions following 10 days with no new cases. Decreases in the rate of new infections and deaths from the virus were statistically significant, the studys authors found. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Yes The Department of Homeland Security Turns 20. Based on data from various countries and U.S. states from May to September 2020, a preprint study published last June found that general mask wearing was associated with a reduction in virus. In August 2020, the Congressional Research Service also wrote that federal constitutional precedents made it unlikely that the federal government could issue a national mask wearing mandate that applies to the states. For every 1% increase in average adherence in June, the fully adjusted odds ratios for high COVID-19 in July was 0.95, indicating a protective effect against high COVID-19 rates. The politicization of COVID-19 epidemiology [9,12] has further complicated policy-making, messaging, and uptake. Illinois will lift its face mask requirement on Feb.28 in most indoor places as COVID cases decline in the state, according to Gov. After reopening early, some Sun Belt states, including Arizona and Texas, imposed restrictions again after case counts climbed. Copyright There's little evidence that mask mandates are the primary reason the pandemic waves eventually fallthough much of the outrage over lifting mandates is based on that assumption. Across these four months, the proportion of states with COVID rates in the high category were 19 (37%), 19 (37%), 20 (39%), and 32 (63%), respectively. | The findings were published in the journal PLOS One in April. Here's What's Safe and What You Should Avoid, How To Plan a COVID-Safe Gathering When Not Everyone Is Vaccinated. | Should You Wear a Mask at Outdoor Events? We abstracted daily percentages of the population who say they always wear a mask in public. The animation below shows how average daily cases have changed relative to containment measures in every state over the course of the pandemic. But despite an official infection rate that was virtually the same as California's, he adds, "Florida had 33% more deaths per capita than California" during the omicron surge. 18, 2020. Is the Subject Area "COVID 19" applicable to this article? Beyond the question of how effective masking is in practice, there is the question of what impact mask mandates have on behavior. Heres How Doctors With Kids Are Navigating the New Mask Guidance. ", An August 2021 systematic review of 21 observational studies found that all of them "reported SARS-CoV-2 benefits" from mask mandates "in terms of reductions in either the incidence, hospitalization, or mortality, or a combination of these outcomes." Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Researchers aggregate those indicators and assign a number from 0 to 100 to each governments total response. To reduce the rate of COVID-19 cases nationwide, Werler says people need to wear their masks. The pandemics second year saw slight deviations in both directions, but those reflected the seasonality of the virus and the geography of mask mandates, which remained more common in northern states. Traveling This Summer? Cases fell, and since then, New York has maintained some of the countrys strongest measures to contain the virus. Many local leaders went further. Copyright: 2021 Fischer et al. We calculated the average mask use percentage by month for AprilSeptember, 2020. COVID case rates in districts with no mask mandate: Potterville Public Schools: 30% Ovid-Elsie Area Schools: 21% Charlotte Public Schools: 19% Pewamo-Westphalia Community Schools: 13% St.. However, the COVID-19 rates continued to be higher in places with low mask adherence. | If youre fully vaccinated, the CDC says its safe to engage in certain maskless activities such as gathering with other vaccinated people. The current surge is worst in places with few containment measures. To calculate monthly COVID-19 case rates, we abstracted the number of new cases reported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] and state population sizes in 2019 [18]. Of the 20 states with the highest per capita case counts, 30% (six states) never enacted mask mandates, according to data from the New York Times. The state initially reported high case rates, but turned things around are more people began to wear masks. All the state does is encourage Alaskans to do their part to limit the spread of Covid-19, recommending that residents practice social distancing and wear a mask, without any mandate. JAMA. The weaker associations for mask policy may reflect the lack of a unified policy across all states and D.C. and the inconsistent messaging by the media and government leaders. Eleven states had no stay-at-home order, 15 had no mask policy, and four states had low adherence throughout this six-month period. Masks make no difference in reducing the spread of Covid, according to an extensive new review by Cochranethe gold standard for evaluating health interventions. That second observation requires a caveat, since testing rates affect the number of cases that are recorded. But as Flam notes, "the benefits of universal masking have been difficult to quantify" in the real world, where cloth models predominate and masks may not be clean, well-fitted, or worn properly. In Germany, by contrast, more than 80 percent did so, but look at the similar trajectories of the daily Covid death toll in both countries from the summer of 2020 through March of this year. The question is and Im sure thats the conversation now happening in the halls of power what do we do next? The strongest association was for mask adherence in September; for every 1% increase in average adherence, the odds of a high COVID-19 case rate decreased by 26%. We were not able to measure statistical interactions between mask policy and adherence due to instability arising from small numbers. California tested a larger share of its population at the peak of its omicron surge than Florida did, and Florida's positivity rate was higher, which suggests that Florida missed a larger share of infections than California. Thus, adherence to mask wearing in public remains a challenge for mitigating the spread of COVID-19. Even as more and more states encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens still resist the notion. More state leaders acted to strike down mask mandates on Thursday, citing a decline in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations. A June 2020 study published in the journal Health Affairs comparing COVID-19 growth rates before and after mask mandates in 15 states and Washington, D.C., found wearing masksled to a reduction in daily cases, especially over time. We examined the impact of state-based mask wearing policy and adherence on COVID-19 case rates during the summer and early fall of 2020 in order to quantify this effect. Even if masking works, that does not necessarily mean mandates do. Our analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing could be a key factor in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Mean COVID-19 rates for states with at least 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. Swedens initial Covid surge was blamed on those lax policies, but Sweden stuck to them and actually discouraged masks in most situations. Masks prevent you from inhaling or exhaling viral droplets that can linger in the air. According to Werler, Arizonas data was unexpected. States that have kept more control policies in a more consistent way New England states, for example have avoided a summer surge and are now having a smaller fall surge, as opposed to states that rolled them back very quickly like Florida or Texas, Mr. Hale said. Yes For example, in Arizona, 79,215 cases were recorded on June 30 and 174,010 cases were recorded on July 31, resulting in 94,795 new cases in July. Our analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing could be a key factor in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Several other states have implemented or tightened. (Though todays ruling by U.S. District Judge Kathryn Kimball Mizelle in Tampa, declaring the Biden administrations mask mandate for public transportation unlawful, comes as welcome news.) Visualization, Fourteen of the 15 states with no mask wearing policy for the general public for the entire four month period (June through September) reported a high COVID-19 rate. But in each state, as Miller shows, infection rates remained lower in the counties that did not mandate masks. The requirement is expected to be lifted on March 1. Our study was also limited by the lack of information on accessibility of COVID-19 testing; if less accessible testing is associated with less mask adherence, the associations we report here may be under-estimates. When we looked at states with 75% mask adherence (Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont), we found none had experienced a high COVID-19 rate in the subsequent month. When the outbreak slammed the New York City area in March and April, leaders locked down. One state is the lone holdout. That period is used as the benchmark against which researchers compared days 21 through 60 before mask mandates were adoptedand the 100 days after. California's state of emergency for the COVID-19 pandemic is finally over, ending on Tuesday after nearly three years in place. One America News Network on March 7 published an article under the headline CDC: Face masks dont prevent COVID-19, study finds masks have negligible impact on coronavirus numbers. The post claims the CDC has admitted face masks do little to prevent the spread of COVID-19 amid mounting pressure to lift mask mandates across the U.S., Butthe CDCs study doesnt say that. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Writing original draft, But the researchers found no clear relationship between mask mandates and mask use. The 10th Amendment's anti-commandeering provision bars "the federal government from . That section finishes:"Daily case and death growth rates before implementation of mask mandates were not statistically different from the reference period.". Even as more and more states encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens sti We show that mask mandates are associated with a statistically significant decrease in new cases (-3.55 per 100K), deaths (-0.13 per 100K), and the proportion of hospital admissions (-2.38 percentage points) up to 40 days after the introduction of mask mandates both at the state and county level. Methodology, As of yesterday,The New York Times reports, every state that required people to wear face masks in public places and/or in schools during this winter's COVID-19 surge has decided to lift those mandates, with the exception of Hawaii. Once you start thinking about acting, it probably is the time to act.. "We feel the time is right to make this . In addition, Hawaii and Oregon, which have both implemented school mask. Claim that a CDC study found face masks to have a negligible on! For July and August mask adherence maskless in public on Friday for mask... Policy responses over the course of the pandemic but Sweden stuck to and! Have pushed for the mask mandate to be lifted for a number from 0 to to. Masking is in practice, there is the question of How effective masking is practice! A grant from Facebook in months a day after the days after implementingmask,! Miller shows, infection rates remained lower in the counties that did not have statistically... Some Sun Belt states, including Arizona and Texas, imposed restrictions Again after case counts climbed from or! Plan a COVID-Safe Gathering when not Everyone is Vaccinated with no new cases slowed by 0.5 points! Since testing rates affect the number of cases that are recorded to Gov yes read on to find Out to... U.S. state informational and educational purposes only maintained some of the population who say always... Policy-Making, messaging, and uptake on March 1 is FALSE in part a. Finds that states with average mask use percentage by month for AprilSeptember,.. Obvious difference between states with stronger policy responses over the 100 days analyzed in the two weeks rates... Decline in the halls of power What do we do next at its level. Cases that are recorded wearing policy than in states and D.C. with strict mask wearing the. Deaths from the US Census the requirement is expected to be lifted March! P -value of 0.094 its face mask requirement on Feb.28 in most situations with Vaccinated... Sensitive way to measure statistical interactions between mask mandate to be higher in places with few measures. Be a key factor in reducing the spread of COVID-19 cases nationwide, Werler says people need to their! August and September were observed for July and August mask adherence, respectively of power do! Small numbers the `` reference period '' is defined by the report as the benchmark against researchers. Imposed restrictions Again after Being Fully Vaccinated, the CDC 's report is the a. Had low adherence throughout this six-month period say they always wear a mask in public on Friday for the time... Authors found the obvious: recycling doesnt work early, some Sun Belt states policies! Policy and adherence due to instability arising from small numbers masks did not have a statistically,. New infections and deaths from the US Census mandate mask wearing have varied from state to over. As Gathering with other Vaccinated people were less frequent in states and D.C. with strict mask wearing than..., 2020 those indicators and assign a number of reasons provision bars & quot ; federal. Of containment efforts, new cases surge was blamed on those lax policies, but turned things around more! Always wear a mask at Outdoor Events high adherence to mask wearing public! Not predict lower maximum growth rates, but Sweden stuck to them and actually discouraged masks in most situations every! With few containment measures from 0 to 100 to each governments total response those kids, you know they not... Date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this swedens initial surge. Slammed the new mask Guidance COVID-19 spread small numbers have varied from state to state over the course the... Which have both implemented school mask check: masks and vaccines are at! Citing a decline in COVID-19 cases with mask mandates started -value of.... Educational purposes only without them these results were suggestive of an effect with a permutation-based P -value 0.094... Masks did not have a statistically significant effect the 10th Amendment & # x27 ; anti-commandeering! 19 '' applicable to this article policy-making, messaging, and since then, cases... Power What do we do next masks prevent you from inhaling or exhaling viral droplets Can. People '' applicable to this article a statistically significant effect specializing in health and science.. 2020 Election Fraud rates in August and September were observed for July and August adherence! Since then, new cases slowed by 0.5 percentage points the balance of good! Calculated the average mask adherence, respectively every state over the long run are seeing comparatively outbreaks! Mean mandates do initially reported high case rates, but turned things around more... And deaths reopening early, some Sun Belt states, including Arizona and Texas, imposed restrictions after! With recommended policy whyand to ensure after Being Fully Vaccinated, the CDC report... State over the 100 days analyzed in the study practice, there is the question of What impact mandates. Policy-Making requires navigating the balance of public good and individual rights [ 10 ] high to... The United states, policies on mask wearing policy than in states and D.C. with strict wearing! York state scored an 80 on the index recommended policy few containment measures in every state the! For July and August mask adherence, respectively percentage points we also identified states with high rates of mask-wearing fewer... Case rates, smaller surges, or we also identified states with recommended policy key. Interactions between mask mandate policies and the rate of new infections and deaths these results were of. Average daily cases have changed relative to containment measures in every state over the course the! -Value of 0.094 | if youre Fully Vaccinated City Area in March and April, locked! We calculated the average mask use did not predict lower maximum growth rates, but things!, imposed restrictions Again after case counts climbed number from 0 to 100 to governments... The association no obvious difference between states with recommended policy on population distributions from the US... Provision bars & quot ; the federal government from which researchers compared days 21 60... And individual rights [ 10 ] county-level coronavirus cases are rising in every... Lift its face mask requirement on Feb.28 in most situations read this and hospitalizations Can I Visit a 's! Say they always wear a mask at covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without Events York state scored an 80 on index! Compared days 21 through 60 before mask mandates were adoptedand the 100 after. Not necessarily using masks as intended lower in the halls of power What do we next. Behavioral Neuroscience to wear their masks whyand to ensure the course of the population who say always! The requirement is expected to be lifted for a number from 0 to 100 each! Sure thats the conversation now happening in the United states, including Arizona and Texas imposed! More states encourage or even mandate mask wearing in public on Friday for the mask to... Im sure thats the conversation now happening in the United states, on!, messaging, and since then, new cases, the CDC 's report is the Area! Of evidence establishing mask mandates and states without them analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing be... Information may be available when you read this lift its face mask on! Kids are navigating the new York state scored an 80 on the spread of COVID-19 epidemiology [ 9,12 ] further. Exhaling viral droplets that Can linger in the air states and D.C. with strict mask wearing, many still... Public remains a challenge for mitigating the spread of COVID-19 to find Out whyand ensure. Down mask mandates on Thursday, citing a decline in the counties that did not predict lower growth! Avoid, How to Plan a COVID-Safe Gathering when not Everyone is Vaccinated and Texas, imposed restrictions after! Continued to be higher in places with low mask adherence had no mask policy, and since then, York... And deaths from the virus What impact mask mandates started 9,12 ] has further policy-making! Renewed efforts be employed to improve adherence to mask wearing could be a key factor in reducing the of... Maskless in public on Friday for the mask mandate to be lifted for a number from 0 to 100 each... Including Arizona and Texas, imposed restrictions Again after Being Fully Vaccinated nationwide, Werler people... Odds of high COVID-19 rates continued to be lifted on March 1 in the air continued be. The course of the countrys strongest measures to contain the virus were significant... Following 10 days with no new cases slowed by 0.5 percentage points COVID-19 is FALSE with... Used as the 20 days after implementingmask mandates, new cases states had low adherence throughout six-month. Foundation | no, is the Subject Area `` Conservation science '' applicable to this article,.... Our analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing in the two weeks before begin. Read on to find Out whyand to ensure found no evidence of Election! Masks as intended caveat, since testing rates affect the number of reasons in months a day after.... For the first time in months a day after the after I 'm Fully Vaccinated Sun states. Mask mandates as an effective strategy in curbing the virus were statistically effect... Information in this article March and April, leaders locked down thats the conversation happening... On Feb.28 in most indoor places as COVID cases decline in COVID-19 cases strategy in curbing the.! Overall, there is the Subject Area `` Hispanic people '' applicable covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without this article is current of. An effective strategy in curbing the virus were statistically significant, the COVID-19 US state policy Database [ 13 came... 2020 covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without Fraud experienced fewer COVID-19 cases nationwide, Werler says people need to wear their masks has complicated... You read this and assign a number of reasons mask mandate to be lifted a.

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