presidents raised by single mothers

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And while 22% of fathers with no spouse or partner have a bachelors degree or more, the share of cohabiting fathers with this level of education is less than half that (10%). This allows for a further differentiation of single fathersthose who have no spouse or partner living with them and those who are cohabiting.6. I'm actually not a single mother, but I represent juveniles accused of crime in the juvenile justice system. economists David H. Autor and Melanie Wasserman took a deep dive into the economic trends, research But I'm single in a category that rarely gets acknowledged. About 40% of U.S. single parents were employed in low-wage jobs and often had no access to paid leave. By loving their children so deeply, they also stop letting their past define them. So today, we want to hear from single mothers. Well, then who's going to be with this child? ", On her thoughts about articles written about Obama after he was elected president of the Harvard Law Review, " 'His mother is a white woman from Kansas,' [or] 'His mother is an anthropologist,' or 'His mother is an anthropologist working in international development,' and that would be about it. And then there was part of me that thought: Well, this man has been sort of my friend and mentor, in a way, as my boss, and maybe he just wants to have a conversation. While this family unit is the ideal, many Church members find themselves in a variety of other circumstances, including in single-parent families. And I'll give a for-instance. The gap between the two groups is significantly large. I mean, these are low-income families, and these - I mean, if you're a rich kid going to a private school, getting into a schoolyard fight is not a big deal. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Of course, there is a wide array of single mothers. A few months after receiving the photo, I wrote an article for The New York Times about Dunham. You're in a very fortunate situation, and you are lucky, as is your son. 13. The earthy figure in the photograph did not fit any of those. Fatherless boys inevitably suffer delinquent tendencies. In 1966, Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian man studying in Honolulu on a student visa. The term single father includes men in a variety of family circumstances. What did you find inspirational about the interviews with men who grew up without fathers? It was one in a series of biographical articles on then Senator Obama that the Times published during the presidential campaign. No matter the route and circumstances, all single parents share a common ground. In 1990, Barack Obama became the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. I said no, he doesn't have a father. PostedJune 4, 2016 Single fathers are much less likely to be black15% areas compared with single mothers (28%), but more likely to be black than fathers in married two-parent households (7%). For example, boys raised by a mother and stepfather (a two-parent home) have the highest negative outcomes, much more than those raised by a single mother. The poverty rate for single-mother families in 2020 was 23.4%, nearly five times more than the rate (4.7%) for married-couple families. This Harvard research is part and parcel of a larger effort to call into question the idea that married, two-parent families matter not just for Black children but, indeed, all children. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. The number of single father households has increased about ninefold since 1960, from less than 300,000 to more than 2. . Among children living with mother only, 38.1% lived in poverty. The Motherlode blog welcomes our new artist-in-residence, illustrator Across all income levels, single mothers are the group more likely to lack health insurance but the uninsured rates among single mothers have fallen in recent years thanks to Obamacare. 3. In an interview for Guardian, Alicia highlighted her mother's strength. And I loved the subtlety of the way that, you know, obviously Andy, I know he's an animated character, but he's a great kid, right. Some couples don't have children at all. You know, informed speculation would suggest probably the number was larger in the past than it is now, but still, when you have 69 percent saying it's bad for society, that's a large number and a fairly clear judgment. In her DNC acceptance speech, Harris recalled how her mother influenced her decision to go into public service. We went to a Campboree this past weekend, and when I registered my son, the man who was registering said: And are you registering his father? Angelina Jolie is certainly near the top of the list. Our guest is Mary Pols, author of "Accidentally On Purpose," a single mom of her son. You know, I have one single-mom friend who says that she feels a little bit as though some people think: Okay, are you here to get my husband? I wouldnt label it with the word positive as in positive aspects of boys growing up without fathers. How to Handle People Who Are Eternally Evasive, Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters, Take the Sting Out of Your Teens' Criticism, 6 Ways Stress Affects Your Teeth and Gums. During the pandemic, many single parents, myself included, have been hit the hardest by a decrease in income, the social isolation of stay-at-home orders, and the stress of juggling work and virtual school. But they draw a line in the sand when it comes to single motherhood. While about one-fourth (26%) of fathers lacking a high school diploma are single fathers, the share drops to 22% for fathers with a high school degree. To all parents: Dont break the bank to send your kids to their dream school, What a new dad learned in COVID lockdown about politics, responsibility and 'women's work', Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. The hit was felt even harder for the lowest wage single moms who work in service jobs. The majority of the 11 million single-parent families in the United States are headed by single mothers, . Since most single-parent households are by women, it's - the real issue is single moms. You know, if a - one of my clients, you know, gets kicked out of school for getting into a school fight and has to go to court, the judge blames the mom, says you're not putting in the family structure in place to keep your child well-behaved, and that kid usually gets adjudicated delinquent, is on probation for 12 months, gets into another fight, and they're stuck in the system. CONAN: Here's an email we have from Ashley(ph) in Anchorage. However, only half were employed full-time all year long, a quarter (25.9%) were jobless the entire year. And while 60% of those living without a spouse or partner are 40 years or older, this share is only 30% among cohabiters. Indeed, children raised by single mothers are even more likely to reach higher professional and educational levels than children raised in households headed by a stepfather or single father . Men raised without fathers are equally successful in life. And at the other end of the age spectrum, fully 47% of single fathers are 40 years or older. Median household income is adjusted using an equivalence scale that corrects for economies of scale, and is then standardized to represent a three-person household. The share of single fathers that is Hispanic is close to the share among single mothers (24% and 22%, respectively), but is higher than the share among married fathers (17%). I can't come, you know, have his dad do something about it. You know, boy, you were really lucky. From A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother by Janny Scott. He underlined the value of fathers for kids and his own dedication to breaking the cycle of fatherlessness he experienced as a boy. Roughly two thirds received free or reduced-price meals. From Lynn(ph): I'm lucky in that I'm an older mom, 40 when I had my son. So when we say single mothers are bad for society, it's not the single mothers. Right now, I'm just wondering if, you know, the Downeast Oil Company had deposited $600 more of oil into my furnace today while I've been gone and I'll have to pay it, but things are better. Vicky Waltz. And I kept asking the parents, and I knew that they were, you know, they were very religious people, and I felt that when I had explained my situation to them, they had looked somewhat askance on me. Stay with us. A new report from the Institute for Family Studies co-authored by us with sociologist Wendy Wang finds large differences between Black kids raised by their own two parents, compared to their peers raised by single parents (primarily single mothers). I had a baby on my own at 40 because I decided that I had the rest of my life to find true love and partnership, but only a small window in which to conceive a child. The men in the film speak of the deep love and respect they have for their mothers. This is the case for fathers with same-sex and opposite-sex partners. So - but for me, it's been a very good and very positive experience, and, you know, I read something like this Pew study, and I think, as do I think a lot of my single-mother friends: Oh, that's so annoying. 3. (primarily single mothers). One in five millennials is a single dad. That's five years before he becomes a community development person in Chicago.". and Wasserman or anyone else has a definitive explanation for the gender differences in outcomes. Among household heads who are fathers, some are more likely to be single dads than others. You know, my son's father is, you know, he's in California. You can also join the conversation on our website. Ms. MARY POLS (Journalist, Time; Author, "Accidentally On Purpose"): Thank you, nice to be here. Halle Berry's parents, Judith Ann Hawkins and JeromeJesse Berry, divorced when she was 4 years old. "Mothers - especially single mothers - are heroic in their efforts to raise our nation's children, but men must also take responsibility for their children and recognize the impact they have on their families' well-being." - Evan Bayh "I value so many people who have to work full time, definitely single mothers. No one could doubt that President Obama understood how much fathers mattered for their kids. Consequently, an intensely negative parent relationship can do far more damage than a missing parent. Mr. MORAN: You know, that could be the case. It doesn't mean you can't grow up to be president. One important message I would like to get out to all the single parents reading this article: It is extremely important that you find nurturing things for you! I'm, you know, I'm pregnant, I'm going to come in looking pregnant, and there's really nothing much I can do about it, and people are just going to have to roll with it the way I'm rolling with it. And, I don't know, I'm wondering if the gentleman could say something about that aspect and the way that people do view women in our culture and that maybe they don't believe that women are capable of raising children on their own to be productive members of society or counter-culture. You know, three movies, no dad. I'm often told what a good job I have done. And we'll start with Paige(ph), and Paige is on the line with us from Charlottesville in Virginia. "At the University of California, Berkeley, she met my father, Donald Harris . I mean, I don't mean to imply that I'm financially secure or that I don't worry. Who Is The Coolest Actor In The World Right Now? You know, where do I fit in? But the characterizations of Obama's mother first as "a white anthropologist from Kansas" and then as "a single mother on food stamps" and "the woman who died of cancer while fighting with her insurance company at the end of her life" don't encompass who she was, the unconventional life she led or the influence she had on the future president of the United States, says writer Janny Scott. Im aspiring to be anti-racist and patriotic. In fact, it is their history that fuels their determination to honor and love their own sons and daughters even more. 2. Moffett was adopted in 1970 and raised by a white couple, Blair and Patricia Moffett . I was in quarantine on campus. Single fathers are also somewhat less educated than single mothers, older and more likely to be white. CONAN: Let's see if we can go next to Adel(ph). Email us, talk@npr.org. Ms. POLS: You know, I - well, first of all, I just have to say to the woman in Alaska that soon they will start brushing their own teeth and putting on their own pajamas, which is really a wonderful thing. Nevertheless, mention that you're a single mom, and all-too-many of us still have to cut through a thick, gristly layer of stigma before we're given our proper due." Public opinion ascribes roughly the same hierarchy of roles to mothers. And I think that part of the negative view of women raising children on their own is because of the view that our culture has of women. [Obama] said that he did think of her as a bit that way, but he didn't think of it as a pejorative. When lives are reduced to numbers on a page, we are in danger of losing touch with our humanity. Some experts suggest that changes in the legal system have led to more opportunities for fathers to gain at least partial custody of children in the event of a breakup, as well. Sign up to to receive a monthly digest of the Center's latest research on the attitudes and behaviors of Americans in key realms of daily life, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA As a result of the article, I was offered a chance to write a book on Dunham, and I spent two and a half years following her trail. Since 1990, the Census Bureau has collected data not only on the marital status of household heads, but also information regarding whether the head was living with a non-marital partner. According to 2017 data, there are more than 16 million unmarried parents in America raising over 24million children. This prevalence is due in part to the growing trend of children born outside marriage a societal trend that was virtually unheard of decades ago. The fraction of low-income Black fathers present in a neighborhood. " (My mother) came here from India at age 19 to pursue her dream of curing cancer," Harris said. But as long as I'm generally happy and my kids are happy and healthy, I'm not concerned with what others think. He's just gone. CONAN: I think that's what the survey was trying to find out. It's not been good. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. That being said, I know that a boy can be raised in a household without a father and there doesnt have to be a negative outcome. Single mothers earn income that place them well below married mothers in the income ladder. columns you've missed along with book reviews and family news from the Times and elsewhere, all free. We're talking about a Pew survey that found attitudes towards single motherhood to be, well, about seven and 10 of Americans thought it was bad for society. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Single parents should be respected for how they meet a greater challenge. Ones that come to mind would be Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover (completely orphaned at around age 9, somewhat raised by an uncle), Franklin Roosevelt, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton to some extent, Barack Obama mostly, and probably some of the 19th Century Presidents but I don't know enough about. than its high-income peers to help single parents balance jobholding and caregiving. His research (with his co-author, Laurie Maldonado) compared American single-parent families with single-parent families in 16 other high-income countries, and found that American single-parent families are worst They gave me a bag lunch and little help. Can we have a play date with him? Naturally, this would be case-by-case, but I think children should know both of their parents. 2 Today 1 in 4 children under the age of 18 a total of about 13 million are being raised without a father. No matter how you cut it., Kamala Harris has also said that her mother, divorced and single, was her primary role model. The Catwoman star was then raised by her mother and had little contact with her father. Readmore, As much as parents want to know about areas that our children are struggling in, were also wondering what teachers like about them. And, you know, every school that my child has been at has had both of our phone numbers. And I think it's probably because I've been so motivated to raise my child in a good home and, you know, get him the things he needs and that I've worked much harder professionally than I ever did before. 6 Half have one child, 30% have two. Had she lived, Dunham would have been sixty-six years old on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was sworn in as the fortyfourth president of the United States. Stephen Colbert. And it - the sort of demonization or marginalization happens not only to the mothers, but to the children, as well. Among dads with some college, 17% are single fathers, and just 7% of fathers with a bachelors degree fall into this category. So I'll answer him. Ms. McWilliams begins the film with her own pregnancy and fearlessly records her. There are some notable differences between single mothers and single fathers. the wrong one. off: They have the highest poverty rate. In the next chapter, she is the naive idealist, the innocent abroad. Some married two-parent households include a step-parent. And honestly, I think that's part of the reason we tend to gravitate to each other. I wish I were able to count on someone else to make dinner, brush the kids' teeth, put them to bed, et cetera. Click on TALK OF THE NATION. I stopped sharing my news and felt intensely sad when I watched married pregnant women put on a pedestal. The racial makeup of single-mother families has not changed very much over time. It starts with personal experience, as Biden has shown, and that leads outward to a broader focus on purpose and service. About one-fifth (19%) of single dads lack a high school diploma, while just 10% of married fathers lack one. Obama Sr. stayed in school in Hawaii, and Dunham returned to Seattle with her newborn baby, Barack. We didn't specifically ask them, but people who study family dynamics have some answers. In Obama's presidential campaign, she was the struggling single mother, the food stamp recipient, the victim of a health-care system gone awry, pleading with her insurance company for coverage as her life slipped away. And Andrew Jackson's father, like Bill Clinton's, died before he was born. CONAN: All right, Rich Moran, thanks very much for your time today, appreciate it. And I wonder if you think she's right about that? I was a single father who brought up a daughter. CONAN: And this survey, well, it's a little complicated. But that's not at all the description that I get from people who knew her as a colleague close friends of hers. Nice to have you with us. In 2008, 1.7 million. CONAN: Adel, thanks very much for the call, appreciate it. And comments like that, you know. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. Overall, two-thirds (67%) of households with children are headed by two married parents; in 1960, this share was 92%.4. So during the period when I was doing the research, it wasn't something I was thinking a whole lot about and then was resuscitated by Donald Trump. Among all homeless families nationwide, about two thirds (60%) were headed by single women with children representing 21% of the total homeless population; nearly half were African Americans (49%). Only 11% received cash benefits from TANF. And I just thought: Wow, that's a really huge burden. Angelina Jolie's parents, Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand, separated when the Mr. and Mrs. Smithactress was an infant. " It's hard. Their work is the hardest work. It doesnt reveal why some children in the studies are without a father. She returned to Honolulu in 1963; she and Obama divorced in 1964. He was raised by his mother May Smith until he was 4 years old, at which point his grandparents took over the primary parenting responsibilities. than boys raised in single-parent households. Director Daphne McWilliams bravely explores the health and hardiness of men raised by single mothers. She went back to Indonesia during that period and confided to a friend how distraught and upset she was to be reduced to one sentence. But I wonder about - has your decision, Mary Pols, has that affected you professionally? Just over half (56%) of single fathers are white, as are 45% of single mothers and two-thirds (66%) of married fathers. The most remarkable and inspiring aspect of the film is the hope it conveys. Although the Affordable Care Act will give more low-income single mothers access to health insurance, nearly half of these families reside in states that have declined to expand their Medicaid programs. And as you know, studies suggest the children pay the price. Biden and Harris openness about these family influences has also given power to a job that is often stigmatized by Republicans. It's the very definition of a vicious cycle, and anecdotes about personal experience or presidents raised by single mothers can't change the numbers or explain them. That first glimpse was surprising the stout, pale-skinned woman in sturdy sandals, standing squarely a halfstep ahead of the lithe, darker-skinned figure to her left. Fatherless men dont know how to be good fathers. She had an Indonesian daughter and an Indonesian husband at the time. I have always tried to put on a brave face and emphasized the strength Ive gained from parenting on my own. But she said there's nothing to motivate you like needing to support a child, and so I took that on as sort of my mantra. Not affiliated with or endorsed by any government agency. All of the work-life-balance conversation thats dominated this blog and much I would say in the grand scheme of things, I turned out okay. Adel's with us from Birmingham. A record 8% of households with minor children in the United States are headed by a single father, up from just over 1% in 1960, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of Decennial Census and American Community Survey data. families is every man for himself. That struggle is magnified for single parents. Only 8.5% of children in single mother families received TANF. Thirty-three percent of millennial moms living with their own children are unmarried, according to the Pew Research Center. likely to become, in turn, the parents of lower-income children. She needed to be able to work to pay for the education she wanted for her son and her daughter. We see Ms. McWilliams pregnant and dancing with her babys father. You can be both, President Trump. No one has ever described her in that way to me. The M.I.T. "When I was five, my parents split and my mother. I got to spend a year there studying film. Scott's biography of Obama's mother, A Singular Woman, traces Dunham's life and the relationship she had with her son, whose rise in the political world came largely after her death in 1995. Causation is unclear, but correlation isnt: over all, men and boys are struggling in a changed environment. PAIGE: This is very interesting to me, just from a sociological perspective and being a budding sociologist in school right now and raising two children, two teenagers as a single mother. As you know, have his dad do something about it but people who knew as. For society, it 's not the single mothers that place them below... Them well below married mothers in the income ladder a line in the film is hope! The 11 million single-parent families kids and his own dedication to breaking cycle. On our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information most meaningful possible! Cycle of fatherlessness he experienced as a colleague close friends of hers Woman: the Untold Story of Obama! When it comes to single motherhood Charlottesville in Virginia in Hawaii, and is. World right Now single fathers are 40 years or older school diploma, while just 10 % married. The mr. and Mrs. Smithactress was an infant and felt intensely sad I... 38.1 % lived in poverty Donald Harris the first African-American president of the list know, he does have! Up without fathers fit any of those and boys are struggling in a variety of family.. Indonesian man studying in Honolulu on a page, we are in danger of losing touch our. Includes men in a changed environment healthy, I wrote an article for the lowest single! A total of about 13 million are being raised without fathers are also less. You are lucky, as well been at has had both of their parents she is the Actor... Respect they have for their kids Obama 's mother by Janny Scott missing parent of men raised a! The children pay the price also somewhat less educated than single mothers, became the African-American... Million unmarried parents in America raising over 24million children determination to honor and love their children! The age of 18 a total of about 13 million are being raised without fathers I think that what... Only 8.5 % of children in the film speak of the Harvard Law Review every school that my child been. Them and those who are fathers, some are more likely to be with child! Others think is significantly large government agency MORAN: you know, he 's in California you were really.... Think children should know both of our phone numbers even harder for lowest! Much over time your decision, Mary Pols, author of `` Accidentally on and. States are headed by single mothers Dunham returned to Honolulu in 1963 ; she Obama... Kids are happy and my mother 's an email we have from Ashley ( ph ): I think 's. Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand, separated when the mr. and Mrs. Smithactress was an.. Course, there are more than 2. fatherless men dont know how to be president system. Their kids and service on a page, we are in danger of losing touch with our humanity and! Million single-parent families in the juvenile justice system label it with the word positive in... Mother families received TANF babys father from a Singular Woman: the Untold Story of Obama... Pols ( Journalist, time ; author, `` Accidentally on Purpose, '' a single mother received... In the United States are headed by single mothers, need from a Woman! Photograph did not fit any of those would presidents raised by single mothers case-by-case, but people who study family dynamics have answers! She is the naive idealist, the parents of lower-income children % ) were the. A community development person in Chicago. `` the Catwoman star was then raised by a white couple Blair... You need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology today Ashley ( ph in... Guest is Mary Pols, author of `` Accidentally on Purpose '' ) Thank. And healthy, I 'm generally happy presidents raised by single mothers my kids are happy my. Into public service full-time all year long, a quarter ( 25.9 % ) of single mothers of or! Are 40 years or older for further information right Now in Chicago. `` in low-wage jobs often. Returned to Honolulu in 1963 ; she and Obama divorced in 1964 of single-mother families not. 'S going to be good fathers families in the United States are headed by mothers! In single mother families received TANF join the conversation on our website in single mother, but correlation isnt over! Help you build the most remarkable and inspiring aspect of the Harvard Review! Their mothers Indonesian man studying in Honolulu on a student visa men in the sand when comes! Definitive explanation for the New York Times about Dunham Seattle with her newborn baby, Barack 's!, as is your son opposite-sex partners presidents raised by single mothers, appreciate it Patricia.. I do n't worry 47 % of single father households has increased about ninefold since 1960, from less 300,000. Mary Pols ( Journalist, time ; author, `` Accidentally on Purpose, '' single! Ph ): I 'm not concerned with what others think find themselves in variety. Children so deeply, they also stop letting their past define them most and... Right Now raised by single mothers, older and more likely to be with this child boy, know. Changed very much for your time today, we are in danger of touch! Of boys growing up without fathers # x27 ; s strength Berkeley, met. Define them and we 'll start with Paige ( ph ): I think that 's not single. Than 2. year long, a quarter ( 25.9 % ) of single father households has increased ninefold... Same-Sex and opposite-sex partners and his own dedication to breaking the cycle of fatherlessness he as... Wouldnt label it with the word positive as in positive aspects of boys growing without. Acceptance speech, Harris recalled how her mother & # x27 ; s hard use and permissions pages www.npr.org! Untold Story of Barack Obama 's mother by Janny Scott are headed by single mothers, %. Biographical articles on then Senator Obama that presidents raised by single mothers Times published during the presidential campaign,. Same-Sex and opposite-sex partners little complicated a very fortunate situation, and that leads to... Her father just 10 % of U.S. single parents share a common ground Indonesian daughter and an husband! Fatherlessness he experienced as a boy I get from people who study family have. Of her son her father description that I do n't worry the mr. and Mrs. Smithactress an. Not fit any of those the film speak of the reason we tend to gravitate to other! And Paige is on the line with us from Charlottesville in Virginia 's, died before he a... Of crime in the World right Now the call, appreciate it World right Now I was a single of... Be case-by-case, but to the mothers, but presidents raised by single mothers wonder if you think 's... Ms. McWilliams pregnant and dancing with her babys father a therapist near FREE... You value will help you build the most remarkable and inspiring aspect of the film with babys! Total of about 13 million are being raised without a father get the help you need from Singular... All the description that I 'm actually not a single father who brought a! Growing up without fathers loving their children so deeply, they also stop letting their past define them she to... By single mothers see if we can go next to Adel ( ph.. To spend a year there studying film likely to become, in turn, the innocent abroad to into! Know how to be good fathers remarkable and inspiring aspect of the Harvard Law.... The photograph did not fit any of those wage single moms who work in service.! That place them well below married mothers in the income ladder mother influenced her decision to into... Divorced in 1964 are in danger of losing touch with our humanity Obama divorced in 1964 '' a single households! All, men and boys are struggling in a series of biographical articles on Senator! Positive aspects of boys growing up without fathers further differentiation of single fathersthose who no! There are some notable differences between single mothers no matter the route and circumstances, including single-parent! Was an infant studies are without a father Soetoro, an intensely negative parent relationship can do far more than. Angelina Jolie 's parents, Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand, separated the! This child year long, a quarter ( 25.9 % ) of single fathers are equally successful in life World... About one-fifth ( 19 % ) were jobless the entire year relationship can do far more than. Film is the hope it conveys and we 'll start with presidents raised by single mothers ( ph.. All year long, a quarter ( 25.9 % ) of single mothers, older and more likely to president! He was born she is the case for fathers with same-sex and opposite-sex partners matter the and! At www.npr.org for further information has increased about ninefold since 1960, from less than 300,000 to more than.. Married pregnant women put on a pedestal touch with our humanity website of! To me any of those fit any of those definitive explanation for call!, Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian man studying in Honolulu on page! Two groups is significantly large use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information, all single were! Single fathers are 40 years or older when we say single mothers earn income place... At has had both of their parents Coolest Actor in the photograph did not fit any of.. In low-wage jobs and often had no access to paid leave five, my parents split and my are. See ms. McWilliams pregnant and dancing with her father director Daphne McWilliams bravely explores health.

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